Turkey faces the largest absolute CBAM exposure of any single country — Iron & Steel dominates, with Aluminium and Fertilisers as secondary sectors.
Turkey is one of the EU's largest steel suppliers, exporting approximately 6 million tonnes per year of rebar, wire rod, flat products and tubes. Turkey's steel sector is predominantly EAF-based (scrap-fed), which carries lower embedded emissions than blast furnace routes. Aluminium exports include primary ingots and semi-fabricated products. Fertiliser exports include urea and ammonium nitrate. Note: Turkish cement carries no country-specific default value in IR 2025/2621 — the "Other Countries" fallback applies for any cement exports.
Carbon pricing in Turkey: Turkey enacted Climate Law No. 7552 in July 2025 establishing a pilot ETS. As of 2026, the scheme is in a monitoring and verification phase and does not yet impose an enforceable carbon cost on CBAM-covered production.
Turkey's pilot ETS does not currently impose a verified, enforceable carbon price on CBAM-covered goods equivalent to EU ETS requirements. Turkish exporters should plan on the basis of no Art. 9 deduction for 2026 and 2027 declarations. As the Turkish ETS matures and if the European Commission formally recognises it, a partial deduction may become available in future years.
Turkey's EAF-dominant steel sector may carry embedded emissions below the SEFA benchmark of 1.362 tCO₂e/t, meaning many Turkish steel exports could face zero certificate liability if actual data is verified. This makes verifier engagement particularly high-value for Turkish EAF producers. BF-BOF route producers face the full default cost.
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Request Assessment →Default values sourced from IR 2025/2621 (EU Commission). Net costs are illustrative — actual liability depends on verified embedded emissions, SEFA benchmark deduction, and the applicable CBAM phase-in factor. Not legal or compliance advice.